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Introduction to Geography
and Egyptian Thought Egypt
1) Ancient Egypt was inhabited by mummies and they all wrote in hydraulics. They lived in the Sarah Dessert. The climate of the Sarah is such that all the inhabitants have to live elsewhere. |
PREHISTORIC PERIOD
5000 B.C. Neolithic Farming around Fayum in Upper Egypt 4500-3700 B.C. Badarian Culture 3700-3400 B.C. Amratian Culture: farming in Delta & Nile valley proper 3400-3100 B.C. Gerzean Culture: seeds of classic Egyptian civilization ARCHAIC PERIOD (c. 3100-2700 B.C.)
DYNASTY I NARMER (Menes) Unification of Egypt, c. 3100 B.C. Founding of MEMPHIS Hor=aha DYNASTY II
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an important river? Regional Gods Re - Heliopolis
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syncretism n [NL syncretismus, fr. Gk synkretismos
federation of Cretan cities, fr. syn- + Kret-, Kres Cretan] (1618) 1:
the combination of different forms of belief or practice 2: the fusion
of two or more orig. different inflectional forms -- syn.cre.tist n
or adj -- syn.cre.tis.tic adj
(Each area had it's own version.) pantheon n [ME Panteon, a temple at Rome, fr. L Pantheon, fr. Gk pantheion temple of all the gods, fr. neut. of pantheios of all gods, fr. pan- + theos god] (14c) 1: a temple dedicated to all the gods 2: a building serving as the burial place of or containing memorials to the famous dead of a nation 3: the gods of a people; esp: the officially recognized gods 4: a group of illustrious persons polytheism n [F polytheisme, fr. LGk polytheos
polytheistic, fr. Gk, of many gods, fr. poly- + theos god] (1613): belief
in or worship of more than one god -- poly.the.ist adj or n -- poly.the.is.tic
also poly.the.is.ti.cal adj
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The Heliopolitan Myth developed in
Heliopolis and centered around Re-Atum (Ra or Re) as the key god
figure. According to the myth, Re-Atum willed himself into existence.
Other areas say it Ptah.
Stokstad says "shaped from the waters of chaos.. and emerged sealed atop a mound of sand hardened by its own rays." From him, Shu, the god of air and Tefnut, the god of moisture, were created. These two in turn had Geb, the earth god, and Nut, the sky god. From these the god of the elements were able to produce creation. In turn, these two produced Osiris, Isis, Seth, and Nephthys. This myth was the most widely accepted and famous of the creation myths. Isis and Osiris marry (icccch). Osiris becomes king of Egypt. Seth plays a trick. Isis and Nepthys reassemble the body. |
Amon
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Ptah
Isis was used as a symbol to express the duties and roles of a "good" woman. |
Hathor
also called Athyr, in ancient Egyptian religion, goddess of the sky, of women, and of fertility and love. Hathor's worship originated in predynastic times (4th millennium BC). The name Hathor means "estate of Horus" and may not be her original name. Her principal animal form was that of a cow, and she was strongly associated with motherhood. Hathor was closely connected with the sun god Re of Heliopolis, whose "eye" or daughter she was said to be. In her cult centre at Dandarah in Upper Egypt, she was worshiped with Horus. Horus
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![]() King Narmer rose to power and conquered Lower Egypt: ca. 3100 BC. He had been minor official in Upper Egypt. He and his successors: established a theocratic political system over entire navigable length of the Nile. |
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![]() HORUS also called HOR, OR HAR, god in the form of a falcon whose eyes were the sun and the moon. Falcon cults were widespread in Egypt. At Nekhen (Greek: Hierakonpolis), however, the conception arose that the reigning king was a manifestation of Horus and, after Egypt had been united by the kings from Nekhen, this conception became a generally accepted dogma. The first of the Egyptian king's five names was the Horus name--i.e., the name that identified him with Horus. |
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c2254-2218BCE
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![]() "shaped from the waters of chaos. . . and emerged sealed atop a mound of sand hardened by its own rays." |
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Cartoon from New Yorker magazine
Fowling Scene Tomb of Nebamun -
1400 - 1350 BCE
Last Judgement of Hu Nefer - 1290 to 1280 BCE,
Thebes
Left to right
Anubis (Seth), Ammit, feather of Maat, and Thoth, Horus
and Osiris
![]() Last Judgement of Hu Nefer - 1290 to 1280 BCE, Thebes
Funeral Banner
From the Tomb of Lady Dai 168 BCE Mawangdui, China Han Dynasty |
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Papyrus of Ani c1280BCE
Ptolemaic Period, ca. 332-30 B.C.
Papyrus and ink
30.0 cm H, 72.0 cm W (scene pictured)
OLD KINGDOM (c. 2700-2200 B.C.)
DYNASTY III (2700-2630 B.C.) | |
ZOSER | Step Pyramid at Saqqara, c. 2680 B.C. |
DYNASTY IV (2630-2511 B.C.) | |
Snefru | Pyramids at Dahshur, c. 2625 B.C. |
KHUFU (Cheops) | Great Pyramid at Gizeh, c. 2600 B.C. |
KHAFRE (Cephren) | Second Pyramid at Gizeh, c. 2575 B.C. |
Menkaure (Mycerinus) | Third Pyramid at Gizeh, c. 2540 B.C. |
DYNASTY V (2511-2345 B.C.) | Rise of Cult of Ra |
DYNASTY VI (2345-2181 B.C.) | |
Pepi I | |
PEPI II (2275-2185 B.C.) | Construction of Last Pyramids |
![]() Step Pyramid of King Zoser (Djoser)- 2675-2625 BCE Architect: Imhotep Saqqara (Lower Egypt) Necropolis - city of the dead at Memphis Made of hard clay, brick, cut stone, limestone |
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![]() The Serdab is easily missed without a guide, or the presence of other tourists. Should you have to look, walk over the eastern wall of the mortuary temple (to the north of Zoser's pyramid), then look to your right for a stone box with two holes in them. It is quite eerie to look through one of the holes, suddenly to have Zoser look back at you. The effect is impossible to grasp on photo or film. Just note that the statue here is not the original, that one is in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. |
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![]() Menkure (Mycerinus) c2460
Greek equivalents are in brackets |
![]() 4,000 people using his technique instead of 100,000,
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![]() Seated Scribe from Saqqara c2525 Mycerenus and Kha Merer Nebty circa 2500
BCE
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![]() Seated Scribe from Saqqara c2525 Mycerenus and Kha Merer Nebty circa 2500
BCE
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![]() Qin, Soldiers 221-207BCE from the tomb of Qin Shihuangdi (The First Emperor of Qin) |
![]() Prince Rahotep and his wife Nofret c2580 painted limestone |
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![]() Khafre from Gizeh c2575 |
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![]() Kouros Figures: 7th c BCE |
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